Gregory J. Meyer
Research Interests
My research interests are focused on personality and neuropsychological assessment. I am particularly interested in how different testing methods relate to each other and how diverse methods can be used together to produce a more complete understanding of the person being evaluated. In personality assessment this emphasis concerns the links between self-reported characteristics -- which primarily assess how people think of themselves or how willing they are to describe themselves to others, and the themes, imagery, and stylistic qualities that are evident in their actual behavior on personality relevant performance tasks -- which primarily assess implicit qualities that may or may not be represented in conscious awareness. I am also interested in optimal strategies for validating psychological tests and in meta-analysis as a way to summarize knowledge. Currently, I am conducting research on a variety of projects related to clinical personality assessment, including studies on the Personality Assessment Inventory and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, though the largest focus of my energy is on improving the Rorschach as an instrument that can be validly used in applied practice. One aspect of this is an effort to understand the links between personality and perceptions and to devise a better way to quantify the accuracy and conventionality of perceptions as a way to more validly identify psychopathology, particularly along the psychotic continuum. Part of this effort involves linking perceptions on the Rorschach inkblots to neuropsychological processes, interpersonal perception tasks, and clinical symptomatology; and part of it involves collecting and synthesizing data from a large international sample of judges on the extent to which different objects can be perceived in the inkblots. These efforts are geared toward improving the current system for assessing perceptual accuracy on the Rorschach.
UToledo Graduate Teaching
Cognitive Assessment (PSY 6220)
Quantitative Methods - II (PSY 6110)
Psychometrics and Scale Development (PSY 6150)
Clinical supervision of assessment
Publications and PDFs
Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2011).Rorschach Performance Assessment System: Administration, Coding, Interpretation, and Technical Manual. Toledo, OH: Rorschach Performance Assessment System. (ISBN 978-1-937450-00-7; www.r-pas.org)
Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., Giromini, L. & Meyer, G. J. (2011). Revising the Rorschach
Ego Impairment Index to accommodate recent recommendations about improving Rorschach
validity. International Journal of Testing, 11, 349-364. doi: 10.1080/15305058.2011.589019
Huprich, S. K., & Meyer, G. J. (2011). Introduction to the Journal of Personality
Assessment Special Issue: Can the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) put the complex
person back at the center-stage of personality assessment? Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 109-111. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2010.543203
Katko, N. J., Meyer, G. J., Mihura, J. L., & Bombel, G. (2010). A principal components
analysis of Rorschach aggression and hostility variables. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 594-598. doi: 10.1080/00223890902936116
Kene-Allampalli, P., Hovey, J. D., Meyer, G. J., & Mihura, J. L. (2010). Evaluation
of the reliability and validity of two clinician-judgment suicide risk assessment
instruments. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 31, 76-85. doi: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000003
Sultan, S. & Meyer, G. J. (2009). Does productivity impact the stability of Rorschach
scores? Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 480-493. [PDF © Taylor & Francis Group]
Horn, S. L., Meyer, G. J., & Mihura, J. L. (2009). Impact of card rotation on the
frequency of Rorschach reflection responses. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 346-356. [PDF © Taylor & Francis Group]
Katko, N. J., Meyer, G. J., Mihura, J. L., & Bombel, G. (2009). The interrater reliability
of Elizur's Hostility Systems and Holt's aggression variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 357-364. [PDF © Taylor & Francis Group]
Katko, N. J., Meyer, G. J., Mihura, J. L., & Bombel, G. (2009). Moderator analyses
for the interrater reliability of Elizur's Hostility Systems and Holt's aggression
variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, S1-S3 (online supplement available at http://www.informaworld.com/ampp/file~id=912313271).
Bombel, G., Mihura, J. L., & Meyer, G. J. (2009). An Examination of the construct
validity of the Rorschach Mutuality of Autonomy (MOA) Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 227-237. [PDF © Taylor & Francis Group]
Hoelzle, J. B. & Meyer, G. J. (2009). The invariant component structure of the Personality
Assessment Inventory (PAI) full scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 175-186. [PDF and Correction both © Taylor & Francis Group; Get the T-Score Calculator]
McGrath, R. E., Neubauer, J., Meyer, G. J., & Tung, K. (2009). Instructional set and
the structure of responses to rating scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 116-122. [PDF © Elsevier]
Hoelzle, J. B. & Meyer, G. J. (2008). The factor structure of the MMPI-2 Restructured
Clinical (RC) scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 443-455. [PDF © Taylor & Francis Group]
Meyer, G. J., & Viglione, D. J. (2008). An Introduction to Rorschach Assessment. In
R. P. Archer and S. R. Smith (Eds.), Personality Assessment (pp. 281-336). New York, NY: Routledge. [PDF © Taylor & Francis Group]
Viglione, D. J., & Meyer, G. J. (2008). An Overview of Rorschach psychometrics for
forensic practice. In C. B. Gacono & F. B. Evans with N. Kaser-Boyd & L. A. Gacono
(Eds.), Handbook of forensic Rorschach psychology (pp. 21-53). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J., Mihura, J. L., & Hoelzle, J. B. (2008). Rorschach test. In W. A. Darity,
Jr. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd edition (Vol. 7, pp. 284-285). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. [PDF © Gale]
Meyer, G. J., Erdberg, P., & Shaffer, T. W. (2007). Towards international normative
reference data for the Comprehensive System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, S201-S216. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Lis, A., Parolin, L., Calvo, V., Zennaro, A., & Meyer, G. J. (2007). The impact of
administration and inquiry on Rorschach Comprehensive System protocols in a national
reference sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, S193-S200. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Shaffer, T.W., Erdberg, P., & Meyer, G. J. (2007). Introduction to the JPA Special
Supplement on International Reference Samples for the Rorschach Comprehensive System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, S2-S6. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Shaffer, T.W., Erdberg, P., & Meyer, G. J. (Eds.) (2007). International reference
samples for the Rorschach Comprehensive System [Special issue]. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(Suppl. 1).
Dean, K. L., Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., & Meyer, G. J. (2007). A method to increase
Rorschach response productivity while maintaining Comprehensive System validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, 149-161. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Erratum]
Meyer, G. J., & Kurtz, J. E. (2006). Guidelines Editorial - Advancing personality
assessment terminology: Time to retire "objective" and "projective" as personality
test descriptors. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 223-225. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
McGrath, R. E., & Meyer, G. J. (2006). When effect sizes disagree: The case of r andd. Psychological Methods, 11, 386-401. [PDF © American Psychological Association]
Meyer, G. J., Mihura, J. L., & Smith, B. L. (2005). The inter-clinician reliability
of Rorschach interpretation in four data sets. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 296-314. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J., Nichols, D. S., & Handler, L. (2005). A call for case submissions. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 1-2. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Hilsenroth, M., Baity, M., Mooney, M., & Meyer, G. (2004). DSM-IV major depressive
episode criteria: An evaluation of reliability and validity across three different
rating methods. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 8, 3-10.
Meyer, G. J. (2004). The reliability and validity of the Rorschach and TAT compared
to other psychological and medical procedures: An analysis of systematically gathered
evidence. In M. Hilsenroth & D. Segal (Eds.), Personality assessment. Volume 2 in
M. Hersen (Ed.-in-Chief), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment (pp. 315-342). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. [PDF = 2.3 MB © John Wiley & Sons]
Hunsley, J., & Meyer, G. J. (2003). The incremental validity of psychological testing
and assessment: Conceptual, methodological, and statistical issues. Psychological Assessment, 15, 446-455. [PDF © American Psychological Association]
Meyer, G. J. (2003). Guidelines for Reporting Information in Studies of Diagnostic
Test Accuracy: The STARD initiative. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 191-193. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (2003). Editor's introduction. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 1-2. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Bel-Bahar, T., Gunderson, J. (2003). Correspondence among
observer ratings of Rorschach, Big Five Model, and DSM-IV personality disorder constructs. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 20-39. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] [Note, the Rorschach Construct Scale described in
this article can be obtained from the Psych Assessment Lab page.]
Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., Jansak, D., Meyer, G. J., Exner, J. E., Jr. (2003). Modifying
the Rorschach Human Experience Variable to create the Human Representational Variable. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 64-73. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Erratum]
Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., & Meyer, G. J. (2003). Refinements in the Rorschach Ego
Impairment Index incorporating the Human Representational Variable. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 149-156. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (2002). Exploring possible ethnic differences and bias in the Rorschach
Comprehensive System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 104-129. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (2002). Implications of information-gathering methods for a refined taxonomy
of psychopathology. In L. E. Beutler & M. Malik (Eds.). Rethinking the DSM: Psychological perspectives(pp. 69-105). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. [PDF = 1.6 MB © American Psychological Association.Correction: The Klein et al. (1994) study in Tables 3.4 and 3.5 is described incorrectly. Initially I believed their results
had positive implications for clinical practice but they do not. They did not evaluate
the stability of diagnoses in target people who were assessed on two occasions. Instead
they evaluated the stability of a team's diagnoses generated on two occasions. Information
about the target person remained constant and this was an “intra-rater” stability
study of the team’s inferences about diagnosis.]
Meyer, G. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Baxter, D., Exner, J. E., Jr., Fowler, J. C., Piers,
C. C., & Resnick, J. (2002). An examination of interrater reliability for scoring
the Rorschach Comprehensive System in eight data sets. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 219-274. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L., Kay, G. G., Moreland, K. L., Dies, R. R., Eisman,
E. J., Kubiszyn, T. W., & Reed, G. M. (2002). Amplifying issues related to psychological
testing and assessment. American Psychologist, 57, 140-141. [PDF© American Psychological Association]
Porcelli, P., & Meyer, G. J. (2002). Construct validity of Rorschach variables of
alexithymia. Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, 43, 360-369. [PDF © Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine]
Meyer, G. J. (2001). Evidence to correct misperceptions about Rorschach norms.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 389-396. [PDF © American Psychological Association Division 12]
Meyer, G. J. (2001). Introduction to the final Special Section in the Special Series
on the utility of the Rorschach for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 13, 419-422. [PDF = 0.7 MB © American Psychological Association]
Meyer, G. J. (Ed.). (2001). Special Section II: The utility of the Rorschach for clinical
assessment [Special Section]. Psychological Assessment, 13, 419-502.
Meyer, G. J., & Archer, R. P. (2001). The hard science of Rorschach research: What
do we know and where do we go? Psychological Assessment, 13, 486-502. [PDF = 3 MB © American Psychological Association]
Meyer, G. J., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L., Kay, G. G., Moreland, K. L., Dies, R. R., Eisman,
E. J., Kubiszyn, T. W., & Reed, G. M. (2001). Psychological testing and psychological
assessment: A review of evidence and issues. American Psychologist, 56, 128-165. [PDF = 6.6 MB © American Psychological Association]
Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., & Exner, J. E., Jr. (2001). Superiority of Form% over
Lambda for research on the Rorschach Comprehensive System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 68-75. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Eisman, E. J., Dies, R. R., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L. D., Kay, G. G., Kubiszyn, T. W.,
Meyer, G. J., & Moreland, K. (2000). Problems and limitations in using psychological
assessment in the contemporary health care delivery system. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31, 131-140. [PDF = 1 MB © American Psychological Association]
Kubiszyn, T. W., Meyer, G. J., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L., Kay, G. G., Moreland, K. L.,
Dies, R. R., & Eisman, E. J. (2000). Empirical support for psychological assessment
in clinical health care settings. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31, 119-130. [PDF = 1.2 MB © American Psychological Association]
Meyer, G. J. (2000). On the science of Rorschach research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 46-81. [PDF and Erratum both © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (2000). The incremental validity of the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale
over the MMPI Ego Strength Scale and IQ. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74, 356-370. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J., Riethmiller, R. J., Brooks, G. D., Benoit, W. A., & Handler, L. (2000).
A replication of Rorschach and MMPI-2 convergent validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74, 175-215. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (Ed.). (1999). Special Section I: The utility of the Rorschach for clinical
assessment [Special Section]. Psychological Assessment, 11, 235-302.
Meyer, G. J. (1999). Introduction to the first Special Section in the Special Series
on the utility of the Rorschach for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 11, 235-239. [PDF = 0.8 MB © American Psychological Association]
Meyer, G. J. (1999). Simple procedures to estimate chance agreement and kappa for
the interrater reliability of response segments using the Rorschach Comprehensive
System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 72, 230-255. [PDF = 8.3 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (1999). The convergent validity of MMPI and Rorschach scales: An extension
using profile scores to define response/character styles on both methods and a re-examination
of simple Rorschach response frequency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 72, 1-35. [PDF = 1.8 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J., Bates, M., & Gacono, C. (1999). The Rorschach Rating Scale: Item adequacy,
scale development, and relations with the Big Five Model of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73, 199-244. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] [Note, the updated version of the RRS, the Rorschach
Construct Scale, can be obtained from the Psych Assessment Lab page.]
Meyer, G. J. (1998). Error in research and assessment data with an erratum for Meyer
(1993). Journal of Personality Assessment, 71, 195-211. [PDF = 1.2 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Handler, L., & Meyer, G. J. (1997). The importance of teaching and learning personality
assessment. In Handler, L., & Hilsenroth, M. (Eds.). Teaching and learning personality assessment(pp. 3-30). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PDF = 1.4 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (1997). Assessing reliability: Critical corrections for a critical examination
of the Rorschach Comprehensive System. Psychological Assessment, 9, 480-489. [PDF = 1 MB © American Psychological Association]
Meyer, G. J. (1997). On the integration of personality assessment methods: The Rorschach
and MMPI-2. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 297-330. [PDF = 2.4 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (1997). Thinking clearly about reliability: More critical corrections
regarding the Rorschach Comprehensive System. Psychological Assessment, 9, 495-498. [PDF © American Psychological Association]
Meyer, G. J., & Handler, L. (1997). The ability of the Rorschach to predict subsequent
outcome: A meta-analysis of the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69, 1-38. [PDF = 2.8 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] Revised analyses published in volume 74, pp. 504-506. [PDF © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (1996). Construct validation of scales derived from the Rorschach method:
A review of issues and introduction to the Rorschach Rating Scale.Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 598-628. [PDF = 2.1 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] [Note, the updated version of the RRS, the Rorschach
Construct Scale, can be obtained from the Psych Assessment Lab page.]
Meyer, G. J. (1996). The Rorschach and MMPI: Toward a more scientifically differentiated
understanding of cross-method assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 558-578. [PDF = 1.4 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Kelly, K. M., Pliskin, N. H., Meyer, G. J., Lee, R. C. (1994). Neuropsychiatric aspects
of electrical injury: The nature of psychiatric disturbance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 720, 213-218. [PDF © Blackwell Publishing]
Pliskin, N. H., Meyer, G. J., Dolske, M. C., Heilbronner, R. L., Kelley, K. M., Lee,
R. C. (1994). Neuropsychiatric aspects of electrical injury: A review of neuropsychological
research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 720, 219-223. [PDF © Blackwell Publishing]
Sobel, R. J., Meyer, G. J., & Buse, J. B. (1994). Brittle Diabetes: Lessons for optimizing
insulin therapy. Practical Diabetology, 13, 12-22.
Meyer, G. J. (1993). The impact of response frequency on Rorschach constellation indices
and on their validity with diagnostic and MMPI-2 criteria. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60, 153-180. [PDF = 1.7 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (1992). Response frequency problems in the Rorschach: Clinical and research
implications with suggestions for the future.Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 231-244. [PDF = 0.9 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. (1992). The Rorschach's factor structure: A contemporary investigation
and historical review. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 117-136. [PDF = 1.2 MB © Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]
Meyer, G. J. & Shack, J. R. (1989). Structural convergence of mood and personality:
Evidence for old and new directions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 691-706. [PDF = 1.6 MB © American Psychological Association]