Judith Herb College of Arts, Social Sciences and Education

Empirical research involves the collection and analysis of primary data through experiments, surveys, observations, or other hands-on methods to answer specific research questions. It generates new knowledge based on real-world evidence.

In contrast, a literature review research (a.k.a. a "research essay" you might do for a class) focuses on analyzing, synthesizing, and summarizing existing studies, theories, and findings on a particular topic. It doesn't involve new data collection but rather provides an overview of the current state of knowledge in a field.

Empirical research is a systematic investigation that relies on direct or indirect observation and experimentation to gather data and answer research questions. It is grounded in real-world evidence, which differentiates it from theoretical or conceptual studies that might rely solely on existing knowledge. The goal of empirical research is to uncover new insights, test hypotheses, validate theories, or explore relationships between variables through observable and measurable data.

There are two main types of empirical research: quantitative and qualitative. In addition to quantitative and qualitative research, there's a third type of empirical research known as mixed methods research. This approach combines both quantitative and qualitative research techniques within a single study to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research problem.

1. Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data. This type of research often uses structured instruments such as surveys, questionnaires, or experiments. Statistical methods are then applied to identify patterns, correlations, or cause-and-effect relationships. Examples include clinical trials, market research, and experiments testing the effectiveness of a new drug.
2. Qualitative research, on the other hand, focuses on exploring deeper meanings, experiences, or social phenomena. It often involves unstructured or semi-structured methods such as interviews, focus groups, and observations. Data is typically non-numeric (e.g., text, audio, or video) and analyzed for themes, patterns, and narratives. Examples include ethnographies, case studies, and interviews with experts.
3. Mixed methods research integrates both numerical (quantitative) and descriptive (qualitative) data collection and analysis strategies. This approach is used when a researcher believes that neither quantitative nor qualitative methods alone would provide a complete picture of the research question. By combining the strengths of both approaches, mixed methods can offer richer, more nuanced insights and help address complex research problems.

Empirical research typically follows these stages:

Formulating a research question or hypothesis

This step defines the specific problem the researcher aims to investigate.

Data collection

Researchers gather information from experiments, surveys, field studies, or observations.
Data analysis: The collected data is analyzed using statistical tools (for quantitative research) or coding techniques (for qualitative research) to draw conclusions.
Interpretation: Researchers interpret the findings in relation to the original hypothesis or research question, considering possible implications.

Conclusion

The study concludes with answers or insights about the research question, and often suggests avenues for further research.

Empirical research is often considered more reliable because it provides concrete, observable data that can be replicated and tested by other researchers. However, it can also be time-consuming and expensive, especially if large-scale data collection is required.

How can THInC help you with research as a graduate student?

The Herb Innovation Center provides valuable support to students conducting outside-of-class empirical research by offering access to resources, tools, and expertise in data collection and analysis. Whether students are engaging in quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, or mixed methods studies, the center helps guide them through the research process, ensuring they can design robust studies, analyze data effectively, and present their findings with confidence. The center also offers mentorship, workshops, and collaborative opportunities, helping students strengthen their research skills and apply empirical methods to real-world challenges.

The Herb Innovation Center (THInC) serves as a comprehensive resource hub for graduate students, offering multifaceted support to facilitate their engagement in research endeavors.  THInC is dedicated to guiding students from the initial stages of developing research ideas to the successful execution of impactful projects. Read below to see how we've helped current and past Judith Herb College of Arts, Social Sciences and Education graduate students, how we can help you, and why you should engage in research as a graduate student.

Request for information/research assistance

The Herb Innovation Center (THInC) is dedicated to assisting you in finding your pathway into the realm of undergraduate research. Upon submission, our team will promptly follow up with you to provide guidance on the next steps.

THInC's graduate research resources:

Here is a list of ways THInC supports Judith Herb College of Arts, Social Sciences and Education graduate students in their research:

Developing Research Ideas

THInC provides invaluable assistance in developing research ideas. Through workshops, seminars, and one-on-one consultations, graduate students receive guidance in refining their concepts, identifying research gaps, and formulating compelling research questions. Additionally, THInC facilitates brainstorming sessions and collaborative forums where students can exchange ideas, fostering an environment conducive to innovative exploration.

Conducting Research

Once research ideas are solidified, THInC aids graduate students in navigating the intricacies of conducting research. From research methodologies to data collection techniques, THInC offers training sessions and resources to equip students with the necessary tools and skills for successful research execution. Moreover, THInC provides access to research databases, literature reviews, and academic journals to support students in contextualizing their research within existing scholarship

Research Dissemination

We assist students in preparing their findings for publication and presentation, including guidance on creating posters, presentations, and articles tailored to academic and professional audiences.

Navigating the Institutional Review Board (IRB) process

IRB can be daunting for graduate students embarking on research projects. THInC offers step-by-step guidance and support in the IRB application process, ensuring compliance with ethical standards and regulatory requirements. Through personalized consultations, students receive assistance in crafting IRB proposals, addressing potential ethical considerations, and navigating the submission and review process with confidence.

Assistance with Data Analysis

Recognizing the significance of the manhours that go into data analysis, THInC facilitates access to research resources, facilities, and equipment to streamline project implementation. Whether through assisting with grants and funding opportunities, or access to data compiling assistance, THInC empowers graduate students to maximize their research potential and execute projects with efficiency and effectiveness.

Collaborative Roles

Join ongoing projects as a team member, where you can participate in data collection, analysis, and interpretation alongside experienced researchers. This collaborative approach allows you to learn from others while contributing your skills.

Mentorship Opportunities

Work closely with faculty and seasoned researchers who can guide you through the research process. You'll receive mentorship that helps you develop your abilities and gain insights into effective research practices.

Skill Development

Engage in hands-on activities that enhance your research skills without the pressure of leading a project. From literature reviews to data management, you’ll acquire practical experience that prepares you for future endeavors.

Networking

Connect with fellow graduate students and faculty in the Judith Herb College of Arts, Social Sciences and Education, building relationships that can open doors for future research collaborations and professional opportunities.

Flexible Involvement

Choose projects that align with your interests and availability, allowing you to immerse yourself in research while balancing your other academic commitments.

Access to Resources

Students can access a wealth of databases, journals, and other research materials. We also provide tools for citation management and ethical research practices.

Grant Assistance

Our team offers support in identifying funding opportunities and crafting compelling grant proposals to help secure financial backing for research projects.

In essence, THInC stands as a cornerstone of support for graduate students, offering comprehensive resources, guidance, and mentorship to empower them in their research pursuits and scholarly endeavors. Through its holistic approach, THInC empowers graduate students to translate their research aspirations into impactful contributions to their fields and beyond.

Call or email THInC to get started in your research journey today herbinnovationcenter@utoledo.edu 

Why participate in extra research as a graduate student?

Graduate students should actively seek out additional research opportunities for several compelling reasons, one of which is the fact that research is a fundamental component of many master's and doctoral programs.

Here is a list of potential reasons why our graduate students might work on extra research:

Master's Thesis and Dissertation Preparation

Engaging in diverse research projects cultivates essential skills vital for successful completion of master's theses and doctoral dissertations. Students refine critical thinking, analytical, problem-solving, and communication skills, laying a solid foundation for academic excellence and professional achievement in their research endeavors.

Publication and Presentation Opportunities

Additional research involvement increases the likelihood of publishing papers, presenting at conferences, and contributing to scholarly discourse. These experiences not only bolster academic credentials but also enhance visibility and recognition within their respective fields. These are essential for doctoral students interested in moving into the field of higher education upon graduation.

Preparation for Career Paths

For graduate students considering careers beyond academia, involvement in diverse research projects provides invaluable preparation. It equips them with transferable skills and experiences that are highly sought after in industry, government, nonprofit sectors, and beyond.
Depth and Breadth of Experience: Engaging in research beyond the scope of their formal programs allows graduate students to delve deeper into their areas of interest. It broadens their exposure to different methodologies, topics, and research environments, enriching their academic journey.

Skill Development

Participating in diverse research projects enhances graduate students' skill sets. They have the chance to refine their critical thinking, analytical, problem-solving, and communication skills, which are invaluable across various academic and professional contexts.

Networking and Collaboration

Collaborating on research projects exposes graduate students to a broader network of peers, mentors, and professionals in their field. These connections can lead to future collaborations, career opportunities, and professional development.

Exploration of Interdisciplinary Areas

Research outside the formal curriculum enables graduate students to explore interdisciplinary intersections and pursue innovative ideas that may not align directly with their degree programs. This interdisciplinary approach fosters creativity and innovation in problem-solving.

Personal and Professional Growth

Engaging in research outside the confines of formal programs promotes personal and professional growth. It fosters resilience, adaptability, and the ability to navigate complex academic and professional landscapes.

In summary, while research is a core aspect of graduate education, seeking out additional research opportunities offers numerous benefits, including skill development, networking, interdisciplinary exploration, and career preparation. By embracing these opportunities, graduate students can maximize their potential, expand their horizons, and make meaningful contributions to their fields of study.